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%ما هو (من)٪ 1 - تعريف
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Switching Methods; Switching (disambiguation)
Switching barriers
ECONOMIC & PSYCHOLOGICAL COSTS OF SWITCHING FROM ONE ALTERNATIVE TO ANOTHER
Switching costs; Switching cost
Switching costs or switching barriers are terms used in microeconomics, strategic management, and marketing. They may be defined as the disadvantages or expenses consumers feel they experience, along with the economic and psychological costs of switching from one alternative to another.
*-algebra
ALGEBRA EQUIPPED WITH AN INVOLUTION OVER A *-RING
Star algebra; *-homomorphism; * algebra; Involution algebra; Involutive algebra; *-ring; Star-algebra; * ring; Involutory ring; Involutary ring; Star ring; *algebra; Involutive ring
In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a *-algebra (or involutive algebra) is a mathematical structure consisting of two involutive rings and , where is commutative and has the structure of an associative algebra over . Involutive algebras generalize the idea of a number system equipped with conjugation, for example the complex numbers and complex conjugation, matrices over the complex numbers and conjugate transpose, and linear operators over a Hilbert space and Hermitian adjoints.
Abstract algebra
![groups]]. For example, monoids are [[semigroup]]s with identity.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Algebraic structures - magma to group.svg?width=200 "groups]]. For example, monoids are [[semigroup]]s with identity.")
BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS STUDYING ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES AND THEIR RELATIONS
Abstract Algebra; Modern algebra; AbstractAlgebra; Applications of abstract algebra; History of abstract algebra; Abstract algebraist
In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures. Algebraic structures include groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, lattices, and algebras over a field.
